Articles

Perspectives de la ciència oberta. Un estat de la qüestió per a una política nacional a Colòmbia

per
Figura 1. Creixement de la publicació sobre ciència oberta segons dades de Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar (POP) i ScienceOpen per al període 2001-2017

Objectiu: fer un estat de la qüestió sobre el tema de la ciència oberta a escala mundial, per a aconseguir un marc teòrico-conceptual ampli, que serveixi de base per a les recomanacions generals (reptes i perspectives) per a una política nacional de ciència oberta a Colòmbia.

Metodologia: revisió sistemàtica de la bibliografia sobre la ciència oberta, en diferents fonts d’informació, tant obertes com tancades, i anàlisi de contingut per a la tria de les aportacions més significatives i l’elaboració de noves aportacions teòrico-conceptuals a aquest tema.

Resultats: revisió sistemàtica de la bibliografia sobre la ciència oberta, en diferents fonts d’informació, tant obertes com tancades, i anàlisi de contingut per a la tria de les aportacions més significatives i l’elaboració de noves aportacions teòrico-conceptuals a aquest tema. — Objetivo: realizar un estado de la cuestión sobre el tema de la ciencia abierta a nivel mundial, para lograr un marco teórico-conceptual amplio, que sirva de base para las recomendaciones generales (retos y perspectivas) para una política nacional de ciencia abierta en Colombia.

Metodología: revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema, en diferentes fuentes de información, tanto abiertas como cerradas, y análisis de contenido para la selección de los aportes más significativos y la elaboración de nuevos aportes teórico-conceptuales al tema.

Resultados: en general, se logra hacer un marco teórico-conceptual sobre la ciencia abierta y la identificación de unos retos y perspectivas para el caso de la construcción de una política nacional de ciencia abierta. Específicamente, como aportes teórico-conceptuales de este estudio al tema de la ciencia abierta para el ámbito iberoamericano y mundial, se logra: 1) definición integradora, construida con base en diferentes y significativos aportes internacionales; 2) taxonomía de la ciencia abierta, traducida al español; 3) línea del tiempo de la ciencia abierta en las últimas tres décadas; y 4) identificación de la situación de la ciencia abierta en lo relativo a políticas nacionales o casos-proyectos concretos destacados en determinados países. — Objective:. To review the state of open science at a global level and establish a broad theoretical and conceptual framework with which to make general recommendations (challenges and perspectives) for a national policy on open science in Colombia.

Methodology: A systematic review of the literature from both open and closed sources of information and content analysis to select the most significant contributions and formulate new theoretical and conceptual contributions.

Results: At the general level, it was possible to build a theoretical-conceptual framework to describe open science and identify some challenges and perspectives related to the construction of a national policy on open science. At the specific level, as theoretical and conceptual contributions to designing a policy for open science for Ibero-America and at a global level, the article offers: 1) a comprehensive definition of open science based on authoritative international contributions; 2) an open science taxonomy translated into Spanish; 3) a timeline chronicling open science in the last three decades; and (4) an identification of the status of open science at the level of national policy or specific and prominent cases or projects in some countries.

La qualitat de les revistes científiques per al professorat universitari de ciències de l’esport

per

Objectius: saber l’opinió del personal docent i investigador de Ciències de l’Activitat Física i de l’Esport sobre: a) els criteris i productes d’avaluació d’articles científics més ben valorats, i b) les revistes nacionals i internacionals més prestigioses. Han format la mostra cent seixanta-tres professors universitaris que impartien classes en el grau de Ciències de l’Activitat Física i de l’Esport en el curs 2013–2014, dels quals vint-i-quatre són avaluadors d’alguna agència d’avaluació i cent trenta-nou no formen part de cap agència d’avaluació.

Metodologia: l’instrument que s’ha utilitzat ha estat l’apartat d’articles i revistes del — Objetivos: conocer la opinión del personal docente e investigador de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte sobre: a) criterios y productos de evaluación de artículos científicos mejor valorados, y b) las revistas nacionales e internacionales más prestigiosas. La muestra estuvo formada por ciento sesenta y tres profesores universitarios que daban clase en el grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte en el curso 2013–2014, de los cuales, veinticuatro son evaluadores de alguna agencia de evaluación y ciento treinta y nueve profesores no forman parte de ninguna agencia de evaluación.

Metodología: el instrumento utilizado fue el apartado de artículos y revistas del — Objectives: To learn the opinion of university lecturers and researchers of physical activity and sport sciences on the subject of: a) the best criteria and products for evaluating scientific articles; and b) the best national and international scientific journals. The study used a sample of 163 lecturers teaching the Bachelor’s Degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences during the academic year 2013–2014. Twenty-four of the lecturers were evaluators working for an evaluation agency and 139 did not work for any agency.

Methodology: The instrument used was the article and journal section of the Cuestionario sobre criterios de calidad del personal docente e investigador universitario en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (Questionnaire on the quality evaluation criteria employed by university lecturers and researchers of the Bachelor’s Degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, CPDI-CAFD).

Results: The criteria and evaluation products offered by Journal Citation Reports and Scopus were considered to be particularly important. The most highly valued Spanish journals were Apunts and Revista de Psicología del Deporte, while the most highly valued international publications were Journal of Sports Science and Sports Medicine. These results can be especially important for evaluating scientific publications. The applications for accreditations can be evaluated taking into account the classifications of specific sport science journals.

Visibilitat de les biblioteques públiques i la lectura en els mitjans de comunicació espanyols davant d’altres fets de la cultura i relació amb l’ús d’aquestes: mesures per incrementar-ne la promoció i la difusió

per
Figura 1. La retroalimentació positiva per aconseguir més beneficis per a la societat

Objetivos: el primer objetivo consiste en analizar la presencia de las bibliotecas públicas y la lectura en medios de comunicación españoles frente a otros hechos de la cultura como el cine, los museos y el teatro; el segundo consiste en relacionar esa visibilidad con los resultados sobre uso de las bibliotecas públicas (visitas) y uso de la colección (préstamos). Desde ahí, en la sección para la discusión, se desarrollan propuestas para la mayor promoción y difusión de las bibliotecas públicas en base al aumento de los beneficios que pueden aportar a la sociedad. Esto último se lleva a cabo por medio de una reflexión sobre la relación entre los campos de las bibliotecas públicas y la lectura, la biblioteconomía y la documentación, la política, y el de los medios de comunicación.

Metodología: con relación al primer objetivo, se utiliza la base de datos MyNews para obtener el número de noticias de los hechos culturales considerados, y se pone en relación con el total de estos hechos culturales como unidades físicas. En cuanto al segundo objetivo, se estudia la relación entre el total de noticias por 50.000 habitantes para las comunidades autónomas y las visitas y los préstamos por habitante a las bibliotecas públicas. El análisis de esta relación se lleva a cabo atendiendo a los resultados de las comunidades autónomas para las variables y calculando el coeficiente de correlación lineal entre estas.

Resultados: se constata que la visibilidad de las bibliotecas públicas y la lectura frente a los otros hechos de la cultura es pequeña hasta el punto de resultar prácticamente inexistente, aun cuando hay más bibliotecas públicas que cines, museos y teatros. A su vez, se percibe una tendencia y relación positiva en las comunidades autónomas entre una mayor visibilidad de las bibliotecas públicas y la lectura en los medios de comunicación y unos mayores préstamos y visitas a estas. A partir de esta constatación, se reflexiona en torno a la idea de la retroalimentación positiva entre los ejes de la biblioteconomía y documentación, bibliotecas públicas y lectura, medios de comunicación, y política, como vía para una mayor promoción y difusión de las bibliotecas públicas, y para aumentar los beneficios a la sociedad que se derivan de su uso.

Percepcions del professorat amb relació al plagi dels estudiants universitaris: revisió de la bibliografia

per
Figura 1. Diagrama de flux de PRISMA en què es mostra la selecció d’articles sobre les percepcions que té el professorat del plagi comès per l’alumnat universitari

Objectives: This paper aims to identify and critically evaluate the extant knowledge about professors’ perceptions of university students’ plagiarism. A clearer comprehension of these perceptions will allow us to forward the literature on this topic by pointing avenues for further research and policy.

Methodology: We explored professors’ perception of student plagiarism through an integrative literature review. To undertake this review, we searched the literature from 2000 to 2016 using a range of keyword combinations related to professors’ perception of plagiarism. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were implemented to choose abstracts and then full papers. In order to ensure the rigor of the review, we also employed a systematic analytical framework.

Results: The twenty-two studies identified revealed greatly contrasting and uneven perceptions about students’ plagiarism among professors. Our findings indicate that it is necessary to focus not only on professors’ perceptions of what plagiarism is as a concept, but also to map to what extent this is an important, prevalent and severe issue for them. In the same vein, we highlight that such perceptions and the causes professors attribute to the reasons why students plagiarise may have a strong relationship with the actions they ultimate undertake to deal with this issue. Finally, we reflect on the additional problems caused by inconsistent implementation of responses to plagiarism at all academic levels.

Ètica de la informació mèdica en la indústria farmacèutica: recomanacions a partir de la primera “Guía de buenas prácticas de información médica en la industria farmacéutica española”

per
Esquema dels cinc passos en la medicina basada en l'evidència

Objectives: In the absence of specific legislation, the Work Group on Medicines Information of the Medicines Association of the Spanish Pharmaceutical Industry (Asociación de Medicina de la Industria Farmacéutica, AMIFE) decided to define and delimit the obligations involved in managing medicines information in the pharmaceutical industry. Although certain international guides are currently available, it was considered necessary to write a Spanish guide that could be used by pharmaceutical companies and professionals and whose demands for quality standards in the sector could also be shared with the medical community, patients and the public at large.

Methodology: In the course of one of the Group’s regular meetings, group members were invited to participate in one of the project areas, which were the planning, write-up, evaluation of experts and publication of the guide in chapters. After choosing two project coordinators, the members agreed on the subjects to be covered and established the structure for the chapters. It was decided that each chapter should include a comprehensive review of a subject and observations or conclusions that would form the basis for a series of recommendations After drafting an initial table of contents, the group invited a series of professionals to work as voluntary authors, selecting these on the basis of their experience and main field of interest. When the authors had completed the first draft of the chapters, the Group coordinators appointed two members of the group to review each chapter and check it for missing information or errors of content or form. The coordinators then reviewed the chapters themselves to ensure the consistency of the overall guide and drew up conclusions and recommendations that were reviewed by the rest of the group and voted in or out of the final document.

Results: The result was the Guía de buenas prácticas de información médica en la industria farmacéutica española. The twelve chapters comprising the guide reviewed the functions and importance of medicines information, the features and activities of the different areas of medicines information, the training and qualification frameworks of medicines information professionals, standard work procedures and the legal and ethical frameworks informing these, legislation on intellectual property rights, the importance of the role of evidence-based medicine and of quality assurance and the challenges that medicines information will have to face in the future. Fifteen conclusions or recommendations were also made at the end of the document.

Anàlisi no tan breu de l’estat actual de l’ètica de la informació: ètica de la ignorància, informació incompleta, falsa i falsejada i altres formes d’engany i incompetència

per

Objectives: The article examines how the new technologies and the internet have given society greater access to information and knowledge but have also led to a major increase in false information and lies, which constitute a serious threat to information ethics. — Methodology: The author offers a taxonomy to describe the most common types of false information (misinformation, disinformation, missing information and self-deception) and information calumny, using examples in contemporary North American politics and information media and focusing on the figures of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. The article analyses the role public institutions and information professionals should adopt to face the situation.

Results: While they cannot themselves possess the truth, in order to combat false information and ignorance information professionals must remain alert to the dangers present, keep abreast of the demands of their profession, be competent and informed and promote society’s information literacy at individual and collective levels.

Els conflictes d’autoria en les revistes del Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Criteris ètics en les revistes d’educació

per

Objective: The article analyses and characterizes the ethical principles that underpin publication rules about authorship disputes in the education journals listed in Journal Citation Reports (JCR).

Methodology: The article analyses the content of the ethical principles, submission conditions and author and reviewer guidelines required by the journals listed in the JCR subject category ‘Education and Educational Research’. It analyses the presence of the following categories: inclusion and exclusion criteria, author order and maximum number of authors, corresponding author’s role, changes to authorship and conflicts of interest between students and their supervisors or mentors. The results are classified according to publisher, geographical region and JCR quartile. —
Results: A little over half of the journals analysed include authorship-related ethical principles in their publication rules. Most commonly, these principles relate to inclusion criteria, followed by author order and corresponding author’s role. Geographical region plays a decisive role in determining how far these principles are applied, while impact factor does not.

La llibertat intel·lectual com a dret humà: la funció de les biblioteques en una societat democràtica

per

Objective: Libraries have been called on by international organizations to avoid censorship and to provide access to diverse points of view. Public libraries are partially defined by their unrestricted services to patrons regardless of a person’s nationality, social status, or beliefs.

Methodology: This article will review the documents that describe the role libraries have in providing and protecting intellectual freedom. Specific organizations, educational practices, ethical statements, and polices in the United States will be reviewed.

Results: Librarians in all library types (academic, school, public, and special libraries) need to create and maintain two important policies for their libraries in order to protect against censorship. These policies are a collection development policy and a request for reconsideration policy.

Sense notícies de corrupció: la informació periodística sobre corrupció en els webs municipals

per

Objective: This article examines the information published by municipal government websites on the subject of government corruption. Its objectives are to evaluate how cases of government corruption are reported by media which are themselves government-run and to test and validate the role played by city councils as providers of reliable documentary sources.

Methodology: The study is the result of the combined findings of two national research projects which have analyzed the city council websites of Spain’s 8,122 municipalities on several occasions between 2011 and 2017. The provisional data, which are constantly updated, are interactively mapped online. Following the publication of a repertory of 52 indicators to measure transparency, we qualitatively evaluated the information in the news sections of seven city council websites where these websites reported on changes in council personnel prompted by cases of corruption.

Results: News reporting by city council websites lacks professional criteria and an overall journalistic mission. Two of the seven sites do not consider that reporting on cases of government corruption falls within their remit. Other sites publish isolated facts on such cases without indicating their sources or providing supporting detail. None of the sites offer the non-governing political parties an opportunity to voice their opinion. There is no evidence of journalistic technique informing the different stages of report writing and no acknowledgement of the importance of basic documentary sources. The study confirms our hypothesis that municipal journalism lacks professional criteria and that its dissemination of news content is undermined by political interference.

Perfil i competències de l’analista d’informació en l’àmbit de la seguretat pública

per
Mancances a les organitzacions (font pròpia)

Information analyst is a professional required in the social fields of security, emergency management and risk prevention in order to manage the intrinsic uncertainty of this context. This study aims to capture what competences, skills, knowledge and profiles are more suitable for these functions according to the needs of organizations, as well as to detect educational shortcomings though the views of members of the organizations and linked actors: academic research groups in intelligence analysis, analysts, technicians and journalists specialized in security. Results show that requirements change depending on the features and size of the organizations but they must include formation, experience and skills, flexibility and teamwork. This study also shows that the profile of an information and documentation professional may be a good candidate to choose for these tasks, although specialization in some aspects may be required.